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FYUGP and the opportunities ahead

The new National Educational Policy (NEP 2020) document in its section on Higher Education recommends the introduction of four-year honour’s undergraduate program (FYUGP) with or without research, one year or a two-year PG program with inclusion of one-year exclusive research (for a two-year PG program), replacement of choice-based credit system (CBCS) with National Credit Framework (NCF) at UG and PG level in higher educational institutions (HEIs), and shift from existing high-stakes examinations towards more continuous and comprehensive evaluation during the course of a program. Besides, the NEP 2020 also emphasises on other crucial measures to revamp the Indian higher education sector by increasing the employability potential of higher educational programmes, and enhancing access to aspirants by establishing more high-quality autonomous teaching intensive and research intensive HEIs. The credit based FYUGP is a futuristic solid investment and is expected to infuse the spirit of para...
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Genesis of ABO blood group system

The ABO system discovered by Landsteiner in 1901 is clinically most significant and is of great importance in transplantation immunology and transfusion medicine. The ABO grouping is the single most important serological test performed in compatibility testing. It is a major blood group system with enormous diversity consisting of three carbohydrate antigens (A, B and H) under the control of A & B genes (of 175 alleles) present on the chromosome 9. The organ/tissue transplantation and blood transfusion depends on the successful matching of these blood groups. These antigens are widely distributed and are present not only on RBCs and platelets but also on endothelial cells of various tissues in human body. An interesting co-evolutionary relationship exists between the ABO blood group system and the useful microbial flora (bacteria) in human body. As far as their development is concerned, the A and B antigens are produced by the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) and ...
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